Legal and Professional Issues – Manager of an IT company

You are a manager with an IT company supplying information management systems to medical practices. A company marketing health-related products (complementary medicines, books on diets and ‘miracle' cures of various kinds) has approached you. They suggest that you jointly offer doctors incentives to accept a feature in your system that will print out advertisements for their products on documents for patients and target different categories of patients with mailings. Content Page Title Page Content Page Ethical Issues it raises for; * The individuals- doctors, IT manager 4 * The groups – marketing company, patients 4-5 Enquires which may be carried out in order to understand the problem better 5 Proposed ‘solution' for the problem 5-6 Bibliography 7 Appendices 8-11 Manager of an IT company Ethical Issues it raises for; IT Manager * Data Protection Act 1998- â€Å"sensitive personal data† within the act states that ‘his physical or mental health or condition'1 should not be disclosed. See Appendices. * Human rights act 1998 * The act of ‘Bribery', illegal in the UK. * Company should have made a legal binding to the medical practice to secure data leakage. * Ethics and Information Technology. See Bernhard Debatin in Appendices. * In relation to Mills theory- the consequences could lead to higher monitoring of privacy if the activity is disclosed. See Appendices. Doctors * Following the principle of Mills, again, the consequences could be increased monitoring of doctoring practice locally or through the UK. * Data protection act 1998 * Human rights act 1998 * Unspoken confidentiality agreement with patient (doctor/ patient relationship) * Medical ethical practices, as laid out by the General Medical Council http://www.gmc-uk.org/standards/default.htm. * Breaking position of patient/ doctor authority * Misinforming patients/ disclosing information about a product he/she may know little about i.e. not knowing the side affects and misinforming patients claiming a ‘miracle cure'. * Accepting a personal ‘incentive' on behalf of patient confidentiality * Viewed as a high profile in society- should set a high ethical example * Potential- under Mills theory, of loosing the Doctor Status, respect and trust of the patients. Marketing Company * The British Code of Advertising Practice * Marketing ethical practices * Freedom of Information Act 2000 – could be viewed as ‘ethical' for such medical information to be disclosed in Europe. Patients * Unspoken confidentiality agreement with doctor (doctor/ patient relationship) * Date protection Act 1998 as before * Human Rights Act 1998 as before * Doctor- medical professional, patient- not a medical professional, thus the acceptance of something neither may no much about would potentially occur * Names/ Address/ disabilities and/or illnesses being disclosed; private and personal information which could be very sensitive to the individual. Enquires which may be carried out in order to understand the problem better It would be beneficial to do all the following in order to understand the situation better: * Contact the marketing company to gain a comprehensive understanding of the products; if not, the manufacturer. * Conduct research to find out if the product(s) have been used elsewhere, and if so, what the results were. * Contact the NHS; what are the regulations behind the marketing of products within medical practises. As the governing body, has research been previously carried out on these products? * Contact the General Medical Council who protect/ guide doctors and patients. With thorough knowledge of ethical guidance procedures for doctors and patients, they claim doctors should along with many other things; o â€Å"Respect and protect confidential information [about patients] o Respect patients' dignity and privacy o Avoid abusing your position as a doctor†2 * Speak to the doctors, ask them about the product and for them to speak to their peers in regard to the product- has others heard/used them. Proposed ‘solution' for the problem There are a couple of steps that can be carried out in order to minimise the ethical dilemmas that are concealed within this problem; 1. The IT Manager [myself] could give the doctors details obtained from the company marketing health-related products so that they have the choice as to whether they carry out the advertising- it would then be their responsibility to ensure date protection. 2. The idea of disclosing patient information in my view [acting as the manager] is totally unethical, and will not even be taken into consideration; even with an incentive- it would put my profession as well as the medical practice under legal scrutiny. 3. The NHS could be contacted to see if it would be possible for the marketing company to operate through them, ensuring that nothing illegal/unethical is taking place, and thus increasing the financial position of the NHS, again, leaving the IT company out of the equation

Herland As A Feminist Work

Feminism is the advocating for social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men (Random House College Dictionary). This story depicts just that. It is about a society made entirely of women with no need for men. We see the perspective of men through the eyes of our narrator. He gives us the point of view from three different men about women. Herland takes the traditional stereotypes about women and reverses them entirely. Everything that was once regarded by feminine and masculine standards was taken away. The women had short hair and athletic bodies. Their clothing was not provocative but built for comfort and convenience. They were not coy and flirtatious. They did not need men. Their daily living and whole lives did not depend on a man in any way shape or form. They were builders, farmers, scholars, and most importantly mothers. They lived together, harmoniously. The women of the land do not understand the gender biases of the world because they simply do not make sense. â€Å"There was no accepted standard of what was â€Å"manly† and what was â€Å"womanly†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Jeff said, ‘a woman should not carry anything,’ Celis asked ‘Why? ’ with the frankest amazement†(93). And why shouldn’t a woman carry anything. To her it was the funniest idea. If none of them carried anything, nothing would get done! The men who â€Å"invade† Herland are filled with typical boyish fantasies of wild maidens in waiting. Their ideals about this place are comical. They expect to find a collection of wild women that are waiting to be tamed by men. They imagine a world of pure, untainted women. They cannot imagine a civilized world without the presence of men. â€Å" They would fight amongst themselves, Women always do. We mustn’t look for any sort of order and organization† (10). This statement was made by Terry, as we come to know him. He is the most â€Å"manly† of the three men. His ideals are the most Victorian and chauvinistic. Jeff’s ideas about the women they would come to find were different than Terry’s. He believed that women should be sheltered and protected without a care in the world. â€Å"Jeff idealized women in the most Southern style. He was full of chivalry and sentiment, and all that. And he was a good boy; he lived up to his ideals† (11). Van’s ideals about their venture were the most practical in nature. He looked over every detail and tried to make the most sensible explanations. I believe he was the voice of reason. We could also compare the three to Freud’s Id (Terry), Ego (Jeff), and Superego (Van). But that is another paper. Perhaps one of the most forthcoming feminist aspects is the fact that the women of Herland reproduce without the assistance of men. This feature of the novel helps to create a truly self -supporting society of women that our narrators cannot seem to grasp. This makes these women superhuman in a sense. The male race is unnecessary to their existence. I believe that this story was told with the purpose of making the gender roles of most of the world look like children’s games. It is clear that this story was intended to show that women were and are self-supporting human beings and not objects to be possessed and kept.

Analysis of Canada’s Healthcare System

Analysis of Canadas Healthcare System INTRODUCTION Canada is a developed country located in the northern part of North America. In 1867, it became a self-governing state while retaining its tie with the British crown. When it comes to economic and technology, Canada is developing in parallel to its neighbour to the south, which is the United State of America. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, with a democratic constitutional monarchy as their form of government. In the past years, Canada’s politics faces the challenges of reaching the population’s demands for quality improvement in education, social services, economic competitiveness and health care. The health care system in Canada is funded publicly and delivered on a provincial or territorial basis, within a guidelines set by the federal government (Canadian Health Care, 2007). Every Canadian citizens are provided with preventative services and medical treatments from general practitioners at the same time having access to hospitalisation, dental surgery and other medical services. However, in the past few years Canada’s Healthcare System is facing controversy because of it’s soaring costs. I NCREASING COST OF UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE IN CANADA According to a latest study (Esmail N., Palacios M., 2013), conducted by the Fraser Institute with the title â€Å" The Price of Public Health Care Insurance: 2013 Edition †, the average Canadian household now pays approximately $7,860 in taxes for ‘health care insurance.’, which is 53.3% higher than of in 2003. Over the past decade the cost of healthcare in Canada doubled and is believe to exceed the $200 billion budget mark. Canada’s health care costs continue to grow at a faster rate than the government’s revenue, largely driven by spending on prescription drugs. In the last five years, however, growth rates in pharmaceutical spending have been matched by hospital spending and overtaken by physician spending, mainly due to increas ed provider remuneration (Marchildon G., 2013). In addition, this trend is also caused by what the health system spends on doctors, which rose by an average of 6.8 % every year. Of that value, 3.6% was caused by the increase in physician’s fees. Other driving factors for the increase in healthcare costs are population growth, aging population and increased health care demand. Consequently, this rise in Canada’s universal health care costs is said to be the reason why the government has limited ability to provide other services such as education, transportation and pension benefits. Increased health care costs will results into higher labor costs, which might cause companies to hire lesser workers, produce less output, or raise their prices. The high expenditure for health causes the budget for other government programs and priorities be restricted. EFFECT ON CANADA’S ECONOMY The abrupt rise in health care costs and insurance can affect several parts of the econo my. The rise in health care costs can cause job growth to slow down because it costs companies more money to add new employees. Wage increases have also slowed for current employees, since companies must spend more money on health care premiums. The public sector includes the federal, state and municipal governments. The public sector is dealing with costs rising more than revenues. This places a high degree of examination on discretionary health care spending. Companies are faced with rising health care spending often cut other expenses, such as reducing health care benefits, requiring employees to pay a larger share of their health care benefits, or reducing wage increases.

Chemical enginering Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Chemical enginering - Personal Statement Example The ceremony was simply fascinating and the deep impression lasted for years. I realised that this was the turning point of every person’s life. A young graduated professional walks into the unknown to pursue his hopes and dreams in his future career. Also, I felt a sense of community while observing other students. The community I became eager to be a part of. I understood that this was a whole new level and I had to work hard to achieve it. It was my time to start planning my future and my life, to start thinking about my place in the society and the purpose of my life. I felt that I needed achievements that I could be proud of so that one day I would share my experience with future generations. I chose chemical engineering to be my intended major and my future career. I have great passion for science and technology because it is my strong conviction that they can be beneficial to people and improve the quality of life of each and every individual. Especially, I am intereste d in biofuel as the research in this area can improve the situation with global warming. Biodiesel is significantly more environment friendly then traditional diesel fuel. For example, while burning it produces less pollution and its engine behaviour it approximately the same as in case of traditional fossil fuel. However, the current biodiesel production technology is still not able to satisfy the needs of industry. The fact points out to the importance of research in the area and the development of new production methods. In this way I will be able to make my contribution into society and help people. In my life I had hopeless moments and I know what it feels like. My sister and I were raised only by my mother in Hong Kong. Because I was older, I had to take care of my sister during school time and our way home. She always turned to me in case of any problems. It significantly helped me to realize the importance of responsibility and develop my leadership skills. I also had to dev elop strong communications skills and the ability to fit into new environment while interacting with people substantially older then we were. I am proud of that because I did not turn to anyone for an advice doing everything on my own. I became independent in my views and developed the feeling that I can find a way out of almost any situation. We later moved to the US to start a new life. I absolutely agree with my mother’s decision because a person must always evolve both spiritually and as a professional. Also, it was a great opportunity to face new challenges and see what I really could do. Talking about chemical engineering, I am full of ambitions. By my example, I want to show everybody how we must push the frontier of knowledge. Showing outstanding leadership skills, highlight that it is never too late to better ourselves and persuade people to change their treatment of the environment. 2. Tell us about a personal quality, talent, accomplishment, contribution or experie nce that is important to you. It is my strong conviction that a person must try a number of part time jobs before entering college or university. It is very important to feel a sense of community you live in, develop skills necessary to fit in the group and be more social. Also, by working from an early age a person will become more responsible while making new contacts. It can help you develop vital characteristics that

Law of International Trade Element Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law of International Trade Element - Essay Example to the rule under CIF contract the end consignee cannot reject the bill after its payment, despite unknowingly having no ideal due to the changed information. Nevertheless, there had no additional clause to exclude any transaction with the original shipper. He is hence left with accusations of the carrier which lie on false deceit and breach of contract for delivering false representation. The arising issues from the problem scenario between the original owner (Li) of the brown sugar goods and the last buyer (Xu) were as a consequent of rushed sales where an opportune buyer existed. The second seller (Chen) sought to sell the goods to Xu who allegedly had developed some poor reputation for any transaction with Li, due to poor delivery timing. The problems addresses the bill of lading, specifically the misconception of the actual shipper of the goods, accuracy in the bill of lading, and the issue of one bill at the time of payment in the agreed cash against documents transaction. The sellers of the goods under CIF contract have specific obligations they are required to fulfill with respect to shipment of the sold items at the load port. Under the CIF contract, the shipping documents and in this case the bill of lading is very crucial o enable future transactions of the buyer concerning the goods being shipped. The seller is responsible of acquiring or preparing the correct shipping documents and tender them to the consignee (buyer) to an individual he has nominated (Galdes, 2001). With respect to this statement both the sellers had made efforts to obtain the bill of lading for their buyers. Chen used the shipping documents that had been delivered to him from Li and no matter the hurry to sell the goods Xu while they were still on shipment, a bill of lading was presented to Xu. The seller had accomplished his mission in shipping the document though a single one. The other duties of the seller concern the shipped goods to the destination port. The seller is

Any topic (writer's choice) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 269

Any topic (writer's choice) - Essay Example According to the essay the industry George’s company is operating in deals with goods with a short lifecycle, after which they lose their value. The shirts are only valuable for each event they are made for, after which their value falls and they can only be sold at a fraction of the price. Another product that can be considered similar is daily newspapers, which cannot be sold at the same price a day after. The company's sales cannot be determined with certainty, and probabilities are used to estimate expected sales. Probabilities are used to predict the number of attendees to the events and the number of attendees likely to buy the shirts as well. Demand side probabilities are afterward used to estimate the volumes of the supply side to order.From this paper it is clear that  decision alternatives George has to make are between orders of 5000, 7500 and 10000 shirts. A larger order has a volume discount. He also has to decide on the percentage of people attending the concer t interested in buying the shirts being 5%, 10% or 15% of the total attendance. Given his expectation of a medium attendance of 50000 grandstand seats and the guaranteed 20000 for the standing area, 10% of the total of 70000 gives a minimum of 7000 shirts. An order of 7500 shirts will cost $25250.  Compare this to his preferred order of 5000 shirts. They will cost $17750. Selling them to agents at $100 a dozen he will make $41600 from 416 dozens.8 surplus shirts sold at $1.50 each will generate $12.

Critical thinking and application paper Ethics Case Study

Critical thinking and application paper Ethics - Case Study Example The rule which has the best overall consequences is regarded as the best rule. This article is very pertinent to Gary Briar's issue since it also covers the pervasive corruption in foregin governments. The citizens of Afghanistan are afraid to report instances of corruption because they are afraid that they will be killed by government forces. The continuing corruption done by government officials constitutes a serious malady affecting the government. This article is related to the situation of Danny Briar as it features the strong dilemma of a Turkish government official pertaining to corruption being committed by other government officials. This article refers to the Turkish Interior Minister Saadettin Tantan, the leader of Turkey's anti-corruption drive, who has accused elements of the party of trying to slow his investigations. The move of Tantan was to resign from government office. Hence, Turkey has lost a key government official who could have stemmed the tide of corruption. This article is pertinent to the situation of Danny Briar as it attempts to take a proactive stance in dealing with corrupt officials. The article emphasizes the importance of putting out incentives to make officials forego corruption activities. This article features the private efforts of a Sudanese cellphone billionaire, Mo Ibrahim, who will give an annual prize worth more than US $5 million dollars to an African head of state who was freely elected, turned over power to a freely elected successor and governed well while in office. This prize can help all African leaders to govern well and avoid the temptation of robbing their country of natural resources. d.) "Border Agents, Lured by the Other Side" Randal Archibold and Andrew Becker. New York Times online. Mqy 27, 2008. Available at URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/27/us/27border.html This article is pertinent to the case study since it als deals with how government agents, border patrol agents are lured by money officers. The article features two Villarreal brothers who were former Border Patrol agents, who were suspected of helping to smuggle an untold number of illegal immigrants from Mexico and Brazil across the border. The Villarreal investigation were among the corruption cases that have alarmed officials in the Homeland Security Department. e.) "China Confirms Poison Was on Toy Beads" New York Times Online. By KEITH BRADSHER. Published: November 11, 2007. This article is similar to that of Danny Briar as it also features the case of poison found in Chinese toy beads, Acqua Dots. The Chinese government had confirmed the presence of poison on toy beads exported around the world. The brightly colored toy

INDIVIDUAL MARKETING PLAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

INDIVIDUAL MARKETING PLAN - Essay Example We also aim to expand our distribution through creation of online channels so that we can reach as many customers as we can. Our promotion strategy would also include providing extra benefits to our dealers so that we can achieve more shelf space. This plan will be implemented with overall budget around $ 400,000/ in first year and with its implementation, we intend to achieve an increase of 1% in our market share and have set a baseline of 10,000 units to be sold through our traditional network of dealers as well as online distribution. There are growing changes into the consumer preferences in terms of their preference for V8 Cars in Australia. There are many factors responsible for this change including rising oil prices; global credit crunch as well as increasing commodity prices however despite those key players in Australian Market witnessed slow but steady growth in V8 Market. 1 Muscle V8 cars are high powered cars mostly from American and Australian models. The most important characteristics of such types of cars is the fact that they are two door rear wheel cars and are considered as midsized cars with typical V8 engines. These cars were mostly used for street driving and in some cases for racing. Recent trends however suggest that new models have been developed particularly for racing purposes. The history of V8 Cars in Australia is one of the great achievements in terms of cars production of V8 model now run in millions. During last sixty years, GM Holden Ford has been two most important players in Australia who have dominated the market for V8 cars especially through a continuous process of improvements. This improvement, made according to the customer tastes and preferences, saw a shift in the design and use of V8 cars from just street cars to the V8 super cars for racing purposes. The typical romance for such types of cars is still on rise as

Canadian Photographer Edward Burtynsky Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Canadian Photographer Edward Burtynsky - Essay Example The current debates regarding global environmental conservation and sustainable living have substantially drawn inspiration and encouragement from Burtynsky’s images and photographs. After being awarded TED prize in 2005, one of his important wishes was the establishment of an environmental conservation website that will help young children to learn and develop the habit of going green at their tender age (TED, 2). This paper discusses the life of Edward Burtynsky, as well as his contributions to industrial landscape photography. Burtynsky was born in 1955 in Ontario, Canada. His parents were immigrants from Ukraine and at the age of 11, his father bought cameras and a dark room for making largely black and white photographic prints. He studied photography and graphic arts in his hometown and first attained a diploma in graphic arts at Niagra College before graduating with a degree in photographic arts at Ryerson University. Burtynsky’s interest in landscape photography was particularly inspired by his childhood experiences such as exposure to the areas around the General Motors plant where his father worked. He consequently developed a strong passion for the global industrial landscape and began to explore most parts of the industrial world to identify and photograph some of the unique industrial and manufacturing landscapes. With the recent technological advancements and industrial development, nature has significantly transformed and this is the central theme of Burtynsky’s works. The photographic works of Burtynsky have been exhibited both in solo, as well as in numerous group exhibitions across several parts of the United States, Canada, Asia, and Europe. Additionally, some of his famous prints are currently housed in corporate, public, as well as in private collections in several parts of the world. The major museums that exhibit Burtynsky’s works include the Canadian National Gallery, Guggenheim Museum in New York and Biblioth eque Museum in Paris (Koch 2). Generally, throughout his career as an artist, Burtynsky was awarded several fellowships and awards. Most of the famous artworks were photographic images of landscapes that had been altered by industrial development. For example, some of the sites depicted in the photographs included quarry sites, mine tailings, and scrap piles. The beauty of Burtynsky’s photographs was particularly achieved through the contrast and tension created by depicting compromised environments. He also toured several parts of the world, including China, to photograph some of the landscapes that had been altered by industrial development and construction industry such as the Three Gorges Dam. The success of Burtynsky’s artistic photography was large as a result of the numerous experiences he accumulated that ranged from ranged from exposure to various images and sites to photographic work development. As a result, his photographic imagery explored the intimate lin k between industry and nature by combining the various elements of manufacturing, mining, quarrying, oil production, shipping, as well as water recycling. Most of these places provided unique scenery which depicted beauty and a sense of humanity which significantly contrasted with the expectations of the viewers. The images and landscape photographs of Edward Burtynsky were diverse and mostly ranged from altered landscapes due to industrial activity, mountains, mining sites, and rivers.

The Soliloquies of Hamlet Essay Example for Free

The Soliloquies of Hamlet Essay Authors use various literary elements to give insight into the mental composition of their characters. In Shakespeares Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, we can trace Hamlets mental process through his soliloquies. Hamlets first soliloquy reveals him to be thoroughly disgusted with Gertrude, Claudius, and the world in general. How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable, seem to me all the uses of this world (1284), he said. He is saddened by the death of his father, who he admired as a king and husband to his mother. His grief over his fathers death is compounded by his mothers hasty marriage to Claudius. Hamlet protests, a beast, that wants discourse of reason, would have mournd longer (1285). The worst part is that he cannot tell them how he feels. In his second soliloquy, Hamlet becomes curious and suspicious after hearing of the ghost. My fathers spirit in arms! All is not well; I doubt some foul play (1287), he said. Hamlet feels that the presence of the ghost indicates that his father died due to dubious circumstance. After talking with his fathers ghost, in the 3rd Soliloquy Hamlet is angered by the news that Claudius had murdered his father. Hamlet assures that he will think of nothing but revenge. Ill wipe away all trivial fond recordsand thy commandment all alone shall live within the book and volume of my brain (1296), he proclaims. In Hamlets fourth soliloquy, his mental state shows signs of declination. He castigates himself for not taking action to avenge his father. He realizes that he has cause to kill Claudius, but cannot muster the chutzpah to go through with it. He said, Why, what an ass am I! This is most brave, that Imust, like a whore, unpack my heart with words (1314). He also expresses some doubt that the ghost was telling the truth. He said, The spirit that I have seen May be the devil: and the devil hath power Tassume a pleasing shape (1315). However upset he is with himself, Hamlet is sure that the play he has arranged will reveal Claudius guilt. In the fifth soliloquy, Hamlet hits upon a mental nadir. As he contemplates suicide, Hamlet asks himself if it is more honorable to live with lifes misfortune s or to die young and bypass all the hardships. Hamlet suggests that the reason we choose life is because we know nothing about death, except that it is final. It is the undiscovered country from whose bourn no traveller returns (1317). He goes on to say, Thus conscience does make cowards of us all (1317). Subscribing to this theory, Hamlet takes the cowards way and does not take his life. Hamlets mental status shows some promise in his sixth soliloquy. Extremely resentful toward Gertrude, part of Hamlet really wants to hurt her. Sensibility prevails as he admits that it is not his nature to harm. He resolves to speak daggers to her, but use none (1328). In his seventh, and final, soliloquy, Hamlet gains the courage to finally avenge his father. After talking with a captain in Fortinbras army, Hamlet is inspired by the men going off to Poland to fight for not much more than pride. Hamlet then feels ashamed of his unwillingness to go after Claudius. It dawned on Hamlet that he had been thinking too much and acting too little. Now, whether it be bestial oblivion, or some craven scruple of thinking too precisely on th event, A thought which, quarterd, hath but one part wisdom and ever three parts coward, I do not know why yet I live to say, This things to do (1342). With his newfound determination to avenge his fathers murder, he vows, O, from this time forth, my thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth (1342). There is no doubt that movies and television shows have replaced plays as main sources of entertainment. Unfortunately, modern entertainment sources rarely utilize important forms of discourse, such as the soliloquy. The soliloquy can be a powerful tool used to gain access into the deepest thoughts of a character. I submit that without it, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark would have had a different effect. Instead, Hamlets soliloquies gave depth to his emotions, making the audience aware of his internal conflicts. The Soliloquies of Hamlet Authors use various literary elements to give insight into the mental composition of their characters. In Shakespeares Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, we can trace Hamlets mental process through his soliloquies. Hamlets first soliloquy reveals him to be thoroughly disgusted with Gertrude, Claudius, and the world in general. How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable, seem to me all the uses of this world (1284), he said. He is saddened by the death of his father, who he admired as a king and husband to his mother. His grief over his fathers death is compounded by his mothers hasty marriage to Claudius. Hamlet protests, a beast, that wants discourse of reason, would have mournd longer (1285). The worst part is that he cannot tell them how he feels. In his second soliloquy, Hamlet becomes curious and suspicious after hearing of the ghost. My fathers spirit in arms! All is not well; I doubt some foul play (1287), he said. Hamlet feels that the presence of the ghost indicates that his father died due to dubious circumstance. After talking with his fathers ghost, in the 3rd Soliloquy Hamlet is angered by the news that Claudius had murdered his father. Hamlet assures that he will think of nothing but revenge. Ill wipe away all trivial fond recordsand thy commandment all alone shall live within the book and volume of my brain (1296), he proclaims. In Hamlets fourth soliloquy, his mental state shows signs of declination. He castigates himself for not taking action to avenge his father. He realizes that he has cause to kill Claudius, but cannot muster the chutzpah to go through with it. He said, Why, what an ass am I! This is most brave, that Imust, like a whore, unpack my heart with words (1314). He also expresses some doubt that the ghost was telling the truth. He said, The spirit that I have seen May be the devil: and the devil hath power Tassume a pleasing shape (1315). However upset he is with himself, Hamlet is sure that the play he has arranged will reveal Claudius guilt. In the fifth soliloquy, Hamlet hits upon a mental nadir. As he contemplates suicide, Hamlet asks himself if it is more honorable to live with lifes misfortunes or to die young and bypass all the hardships. Hamlet suggests that the reason we choose life is because we know nothing about death, except that it is final. It is the undiscovered country from whose bourn no traveller returns (1317). He goes on to say, Thus conscience does make cowards of us all (1317). Subscribing to this theory, Hamlet takes the cowards way and does not take his life. Hamlets mental status shows some promise in his sixth soliloquy. Extremely resentful toward Gertrude, part of Hamlet really wants to hurt her. Sensibility prevails as he admits that it is not his nature to harm. He resolves to speak daggers to her, but use none (1328). In his seventh, and final, soliloquy, Hamlet gains the courage to finally avenge his father. After talking with a captain in Fortinbras army, Hamlet is inspired by the men going off to Poland to fight for not much more than pride. Hamlet then feels ashamed of his unwillingness to go after Claudius. It dawned on Hamlet that he had been thinking too much and acting too little. Now, whether it be bestial oblivion, or some craven scruple of thinking too precisely on th event, A thought which, quarterd, hath but one part wisdom and ever three parts coward, I do not know why yet I live to say, This things to do (1342). With his newfound determination to avenge his fathers murder, he vows, O, from this time forth, my thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth (1342). There is no doubt that movies and television shows have replaced plays as main sources of entertainment. Unfortunately, modern entertainment sources rarely utilize important forms of discourse, such as the soliloquy. The soliloquy can be a powerful tool used to gain access into the deepest thoughts of a character. I submit that without it, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark would have had a different effect. Instead, Hamlets soliloquies gave depth to his emotions, making the audience aware of his internal conflicts.

Non-visual Motion Tracking

Non-visual Motion Tracking Additionally, (Taylor et al. 2010) demonstrated that the OSSCA method, which employs a combined use of OCST, SCoRE, and SARA techniques to process marker data and allows the estimation of joint parameters from kinematic data alone, without the necessity to use generic anatomical relationship assumptions, returns more reliable, repeatable and reproducible results than a standard generic regression approach. Although the accuracy of the data acquired by means of optical motion capture systems is very high in the controlled environment of the lab, the ambulatory use of this type of equipment is cumbersome and presents significant limitations which can not only compromise the precision of the acquired data, e.g. dependency on line-of-sight, limited range and latency of data (Schepers et al. 2010), but also the practicability of the acquisition itself, e.g. necessity of power source, set-up time, outdoor calibration of the system. Non-visual motion tracking Non-visual motion tracking is a sensor based technique, which can be carried out, amongst others, with acoustic, magnetic, or inertial sensors, or with a combination of these methods. Ultrasound based acoustic systems, e.g. the Bat system (Ward et al. 1997), Vallidis (Hazas and Ward 2002), the Cricket location system (Priyantha et al. 2000) and WearTrack (Foxlin and Harrington 2000), are capable of tracking the locations of pulse emitting beckons by using the time-of-flight information of audio signals. This type of motion tracking system is wireless, however, as with visual motion tracking, occlusion of the signal emitter poses a significant limitation. In contrast, magnetic systems, e.g. MotionStar ® (Ascension Technology), are capable of estimating their position and orientation within the global coordinate system, by using information from the local magnetic environment, and are, therefore, not constricted by line-of-sight. However, these systems are very sensitive to ferromagnetic interferences. Inertial motion capture systems, e.g. Moven (Xsens Technologies) and Alert (Verhaert), employ the use of accelerometer and gyroscopes to measure inclination angles. These systems are highly accurate, however, sensitive to vibration and subject to integration drift over time. In fact, throughout the past decade, the use of inertial sensors has gained increased popularity within researchers (Foxlin 1996; Roetenberg et al. 2007a; Roetenberg et al. 2005; Roetenberg et al. 2009; Roetenberg et al. 2003; Roetenberg et al. 2007b; Roetenberg and Veltink 2005), as well as general population. Many people schedule their daily activity based on the data presented by certain applications on their smartphones (e.g. Health app, Argus, MyFitnessPal), their smartwatches (e.g. Sony, LG, AppleWatch, Fitbit Surge) or pedometers and wristbands (e.g. Fitbit Flex, Garmin vivofit, Polar Loop, Jawbone). However, in the field of research, there is a need for more complex systems, which can provide more comprehensive information, of a larger variety. For this purpose, hybrid systems, combine the use of different techniques to compensate for the shortcomings of individual systems. Such hybrid systems are represented by acoustic-inertial systems (Vlasic et al. 2007; Ward et al. 2005), e.g. Constellationà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (Foxlin et al. 1998), optical-inertial systems, e.g. Hy-Birdà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (Ascension Technology) and inertial-magnetic systems, e.g. MERG sensors (Bachmann 2000), MTw development kit (Xsens Technologies), MVN Biomech and MVN Awinda (Xsens Technologies). Combined inertial and magnetic sensing is currently one of the more popular choices in this area of study and will be discussed at length in the following paragraphs. The light weight, wireless and cheap, inertial sensors equipped with accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers enable, when positioned on the human body, the computation of angular orientation of the anatomical segments to which they are attached to (Bellusci et al. 2013; Roetenberg et al. 2003). The on-board gyroscopes measure angular velocity, based on the principle of angular momentum, according to the following fundamental equation: (1) Where: à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ torque on the gyroscope; L angular momentum; I moment of inertia; à Ã¢â‚¬ ° angular velocity; ÃŽÂ ± angular acceleration. The most commonly used gyroscopes for human motion studies are piezo-electric, capable of detecting vibration of mass. When an object vibrates while rotating, it is subject to the Coriolis Effect. This causes a second vibration to occur orthogonally to the initial vibration direction. The rate of turn can be calculated from this latter vibration. According to the following equations: (2) Where: m mass; à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã‚   momentary speed of the mass with reference to the moving object to which it is attached. The resulting gyroscope signals are then defined as being the sum of angular velocity à Ã¢â‚¬ °t, offset due to temperature of gyroscope bt, and white noise à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã‚  G,t (Eq. 3). (3) The gyroscope output is very accurate, however, it is subject to errors and drift caused by integration of the signal over time, and the gyroscope temperature which can produce small offset errors, leading to large integration errors when calculating orientation. The use of compensatory estimation algorithms, such as Kalman filters can reduce the inherent errors in the gyroscope output signal (Roetenberg et al. 2003). Kalman filters are mathematical algorithms used to efficiently minimize the mean of the squared error of a system output (Welch and Bishop 1995). Kalman filters are particularly useful for combining parameters of different measurement systems so that the advantages of one compensates for the weakness of the other, e.g. accelerometers are often used in conjunction with gyroscopes, in order to compensate for inclination drifts in the gyroscope signal. The accelerometers measure the gravitational acceleration g and the vector sum of acceleration a. The output accelerometer signals are defined as the sum of acceleration at, gravity gt and white noise à ¡Ã‚ ´Ã‚  A,t. (4) The inclination information provided by gt can be used to correct the orientation drifts of the gyroscope (Roetenberg et al. 2003). A further common example of Kalman filtering, is using magnetometer readings to correct for the gyroscopes vertical axis drifts (Roetenberg et al. 2003). Magnetometers have the ability to detect local magnetic north and adjust heading direction. The principles by which the magnetometers work are described by following equation: (5) Where: ym,t magnetic signals; mt earth magnetic field vector; dt disturbance vector; vm,t -white noise. In real life measuring conditions the distribution of the magnetic field is often more complex and other parameters, such as changes in magnetic flux and the magnetic inclination angle, which can affect the magnitude of the magnetic disturbance, should be taken in consideration. The major limitations of using inertial and magnetic sensing for motion tracking are represented by the following factors: Ferromagnetic interferences can distort the local magnetic field and affect the measurements for the orientation about the vertical axis (Roetenberg et al. 2003). The velocity and type of movement performed and the geometry of the body segment to which the sensor is applied can affect the accuracy of the measurements (Roetenberg et al. 2005); Distances between body segments cannot be assessed by means of numerical integration (Roetenberg and Veltink 2005); Previous studies in which this type of equipment was used report a high accuracy of the output data (Cutti et al. 2010; Ferrari et al. 2010a; Seel et al. 2014), however, the limitations in using this motion capture system are far from being overcome. The most important and challenging aspect of the study is to use the acquired information in a biomechanically meaningful manner, e.g. the parameters declared as joint angles, need to be as anatomically accurate as possible, for this purpose assuming the joint angles can be calculated as the angles of movement between two anatomical segments is not enough, a more complex mathematical model needs to be developed in order to address the biomechanical characteristics of the studied joint. There are a variety of protocols and algorithms available for post processing of sensor data stemming from human motion studies. A common approach for solving a human kinematics problem is to compare the human body to a robot manipulator. Similarly to a robot manipulator, which forms a kinematic chain from links interconnected by joints, the human body can be considered a kinematic chain formed of anatomical segments connected by articulations. In theory, this is a very efficient manner to solve a biomechanical problem. Cutti et al., for example, use the Danavit-Hartenberg convention of robotics in their Outwalk protocol, which states that a kinematic chain with n joints will have n+1 links (Fig 2.4). To solve the kinematics, a coordinate system is rigidly attached to each link. In this case, when joint is actuated, the adjacent and its attached coordinate frame perform a motion. Whichever motion is performed by the kinematic chain, the coordinates of each point on are constant when expressed in the coordinate frame (Zatsiorsky 1998). The Danavit-Hartenberg convention has two conditions which need to be satisfied in order for the kinematic solution to be effective. The variables of a joint (e.g. rotation angles) are defined by the two coordinate systems of the links adjacent to the joint. So, for example, the coordinates of the frame are expressed in the frame. Firstly, the orthonormality of the frames needs to be established, meaning needs to be perpendicular to . Secondly, the projection of in the frame ought to intersect . Comparing the human body to a robotics model is a good starting point. However, using the, frequently associated, strap-down integration method when measuring human kinematics with sensing units poses a very important limitation (Seel et al. 2014). The strap-down-integration method is based on using sensing units securely fixed to the even surfaces of robotic elements. However, there is a significant difference between a robotic setup and an anatomical system. Firstly, aligning the sensor to an anatomical location, such that one axes of the sensor coordinate system coincides exactly with an axis of the anatomical joint, is nearly impossible (Seel et al. 2014). This issue has been addressed in different manners by researchers so far. In the Outwalk protocol, Cutti and Ferrari et al. define as many coordinate frames for each link as the joints they form. Each anatomical segment has, therefore, a distal and a proximal coordinate frame. The joint variables are defined by the distal coordinate frame of one segment and the proximal coordinate frame of its adjacent segment. Another issue that needs to be addressed, when discussing a human biomechanical model, is an almost certain misalignment of the thigh axis with the segments coordinate system. Some studies completely ignore the misalignment between the anatomical and the sensor axes (Seel et al. 2014). In the Outwalk protocol this problem is solved by expressing the flexion-extension axis of the knee in the coordinate system of the distal femur and defining the other revolution axes of the coordinate frame as being orthogonal with respect to the new axis. This is another promising approach, however, in order for this method to be effective, the knee flexion-extension axis needs to be accurately identified. In the case of hinge joints, such as the simplified model of a knee joint, it is possible to calculate data from inertial sensors attached to both ends of the joint. However, this resulting data still needs to be translated into joint related coordinate systems and although, it is impossible to determine the initial position of the sensors on the anatomical segment, there is a possibility to determine the direction of the joint axes, by using different approaches to identify a functional movement axis from a set of dynamic motion data (Cutti et al. 2010; Ferrari et al. 2010a; Seel et al. 2014). In their protocol Cutti and Ferrari et al. use Woltrings mathematical solution for determining the finite helical axis (reviewed in (Zatsiorsky 1998)) to identify the knee flexion-extension axis. Woltrings solution appears to be fitting at least for most motion capture systems (Seel et al. 2014). However, the sensing units used in our study cannot measure translation. This would pose a big problem and could potentially result in substantial errors. In order for the outcome of the study to be successful, it needs to satisfy a set of conditions: (1) it is very important that the resulting post-processed sensor data is biomechanically meaningful to the musculoskeletal system; (2) data acquisition needs to be user friendly, rapid and easy to complete; (2) sensor mounting is not allowed to restrict the participants movement in any manner; (3) the resulting data needs to relate to true anatomical joint angles; and (4) the resulting information needs to be comparable to the reference system (Vicon). Seel et al. offer a solution based on rotational angle estimates alone, which is not only more simple from a data acquisition and processing point of view, but also functions on principles similar to SARA and SCoRE. In the protocol proposed by Seel et al. the knee is assumed to be a simple hinge, with one sensor attached to each segment forming the joint. In order to compensate for the lack of information concerning the initial position of the sensors on the anatomical segments, the unit length direction vectors and the orientations of the two segments attached to the hinge joint (Fig 2.6) are estimated as described below. The Seel et al. solution only employs the use of what is considered to be raw accelerometer and gyroscope output data from the two sensors, the thigh sensor and the shank sensor. In reality, any output data produced by the Xsens sensors, used in Seel et al.s study and the current study, is pre-processed in real-time by the on-board Kalman filter. For the purpose of the summary of the following protocol, all data indexed with 1 refers to thigh sensor data and data derived there from, and all data indexed with 2 refers to shank data and data derived there from. Firstly, the unit length direction vectors of the flexion-extension axis of the knee , are identified in the local coordinates of the sensors, by using an optimisation algorithm to compute the values of . Where the spherical coordinates for are: (6) (7) With the following sum of squared errors: ; (8) A search function is then used to find which satisfy the following condition: (9) Where: angular rates recorded by the thigh and shank sensor, respectively, with the sample period: constant; Euclidean norm. The acceleration measured by each sensor is the sum of the acceleration due to movement around the joint centre and the acceleration due to the rotation of the sensor around the joint centre. In order to estimate the knee joint position expressed in the local coordinate systems of the sensors, the amounts by which are shifted in order to obtain the acceleration of the joint centre, are estimated first. Two arbitrary points along the axes are estimated using a Gauss-Newton optimization algorithm. These points are shifted as close as possible to the sensor origin by applying: (10) (11) The radial and tangential acceleration due to the rotation of the sensor around the joint centre is computed: ; i=1,2 (12) Where: are time derivatives for angular rate and (13) The following sum of squared errors is calculated: ; (14) A search function is used to find which satisfy the following constrain: (15) The knee flexion/extension angle based on the gyroscope information is calculated with the following equation: (16) The measured accelerations are shifted onto the joint axes by applying the following: (17) (18) Where, represent the same quantity in the two different local coordinate systems, which rotate with respect to each other around the flexion axis. The flexion/extension angle calculated according to acceleration data can be defined as the angle between the projections of . (19) Where, and are pairs of joint plane axes, defined by: ; The knee flexion/extension angle defined by fusing the accelerometer and gyro data is defined by: (20) Where: knee flexion extension angle calculated according to accelerometer data at time t; knee flexion extension angle calculated according to gyroscope data at time t; the weight of the accelerometer data. By using the most effective methods presented in the literature review, the current study will attempt to validate the inertial sensor protocol proposed by Seel et. al 2014 against a OSSCA method and to compare laboratory and non-laboratory based inertial motion capture.

Alcatraz: The Legendary Prison :: Descriptive Essay About A Place

Alcatraz: The Legendary Prison We stepped off the large tour boat with a look of fright in both our eyes. Some joy was there, but knowing what went on in this place made us feel the way we did. To me, Alcatraz didn't really look like a shut down prison at that moment. It looked more like an old worn down cemetery. The paint on most of the buildings was chipped off all the way down to the wood. Most of the buildings had collapsed down to some cement foundations and old rusted poles hanging every other way. As we walked to the building where you start your tour, that was probably the only building at this place with cleanliness to it. They gave us our tour headphones, which take you through the whole prison with a audio guide telling you how it was in the prison. Not just how it was for the prisoners, but how it was for the guards too. The first place our sound guide took us to was the guard towers. They were about fifty feet tall and held enough room for maybe two guards. The towers looked too old for anybody to get into these days, but they had a view of a good portion of that side of the prison and a good section of the ocean. There were towers stationed the entire way around the prison with maybe 100 yards in between them. The towers were protected with bulletproof glass 360 degrees round. After viewing the towers Sean and I wanted to go see the prison cells. So we turned off our guide tapes for awhile and started heading up to the prison house. Everywhere Sean and I looked, it seemed like the entire place was just eroded. Some places were fenced off because they were not safe enough for spectators like ourselves to get close enough to look at. We finally got to the prison cells after following a long cement path that would take you anywhere at Alcatraz. The path nearly looked like a road, or some type of path they used for some type of transportation. Anyways, we went inside to explore how creepy the prison cells were really going to be. Well yep, they were just as we thought. Just glancing at them gave me weird feelings in my stomach. The first thing I did was got in a cell and told Sean to take a picture.

Mrs Birling in An Inspector Calls Essay -- J.B. Priestley

"I've done nothing wrong - and you know it!" Mrs Birling exclaims, refusing to take responsibility for her actions, which is just one of the reasons why the audience may not see Mrs Birling as a very likable character. This essay is going to explore how J.B. Priestley creates such a disagreeable character and why the audience feels this way about her. Priestley represents Mrs Birling, as a very posh and high class woman. She, like her husband, can be very self-important, for example, when the Inspector says, "You're not telling me the truth" and she replies, "I beg your pardon!" She seems horrified that somebody could speak like that to a lady of her class. This is not only an example of how she is portrayed as self-important but also how class-conscious she is. Another example of this is in the stage directions at the beginning of the play when Mrs Birling is described as ?her husband?s social superior? meaning she is probably more aware of what the class boundaries are than perhaps Mr Birling would. She is also presented as rather cold and severe, ?If the girl?s death is due to anybody, then it?s due to him? Mrs Birling says as she criticises the father of Eva Smith?s baby. Here she shows she has little or no real regard towards other people?s feelings, especially people of a lower class. She says that the man responsible should be ?dealt with very severely?, assuming that he, like Eva, is lower class, therefore implying that upper class people never do anything like that. This links with the theme of stereotypes which is seen a lot in the play. Mrs Birling does not react well to questioning from the Inspector. She is not present for the majority of the inquiry, so therefore she is unfamiliar to the Inspector?s abruptness.... ...class conscious, ?I don?t suppose for a moment that we can understand why the girl committed suicide. Girls of that class?? Mrs Birling says, being so overly class conscious that she is automatically judging everybody by their class status. This is again making us compare her with people of all different classes and members of the family, such as Sheila. When the Inspector leaves, unlike Sheila, Mrs Birling tries to carry on as if nothing has happened, ?you?re just beginning to pretend all over again,? says Sheila, showing she has been influenced by the Inspector when her mother has not. In the context of this play, Mrs Birling is not a very amiable character. Although she does what she believes is right, she is also judgemental of everyone and is too aware of the divisions in the social class system to be liked by both the audience and members of her own family. Mrs Birling in An Inspector Calls Essay -- J.B. Priestley "I've done nothing wrong - and you know it!" Mrs Birling exclaims, refusing to take responsibility for her actions, which is just one of the reasons why the audience may not see Mrs Birling as a very likable character. This essay is going to explore how J.B. Priestley creates such a disagreeable character and why the audience feels this way about her. Priestley represents Mrs Birling, as a very posh and high class woman. She, like her husband, can be very self-important, for example, when the Inspector says, "You're not telling me the truth" and she replies, "I beg your pardon!" She seems horrified that somebody could speak like that to a lady of her class. This is not only an example of how she is portrayed as self-important but also how class-conscious she is. Another example of this is in the stage directions at the beginning of the play when Mrs Birling is described as ?her husband?s social superior? meaning she is probably more aware of what the class boundaries are than perhaps Mr Birling would. She is also presented as rather cold and severe, ?If the girl?s death is due to anybody, then it?s due to him? Mrs Birling says as she criticises the father of Eva Smith?s baby. Here she shows she has little or no real regard towards other people?s feelings, especially people of a lower class. She says that the man responsible should be ?dealt with very severely?, assuming that he, like Eva, is lower class, therefore implying that upper class people never do anything like that. This links with the theme of stereotypes which is seen a lot in the play. Mrs Birling does not react well to questioning from the Inspector. She is not present for the majority of the inquiry, so therefore she is unfamiliar to the Inspector?s abruptness.... ...class conscious, ?I don?t suppose for a moment that we can understand why the girl committed suicide. Girls of that class?? Mrs Birling says, being so overly class conscious that she is automatically judging everybody by their class status. This is again making us compare her with people of all different classes and members of the family, such as Sheila. When the Inspector leaves, unlike Sheila, Mrs Birling tries to carry on as if nothing has happened, ?you?re just beginning to pretend all over again,? says Sheila, showing she has been influenced by the Inspector when her mother has not. In the context of this play, Mrs Birling is not a very amiable character. Although she does what she believes is right, she is also judgemental of everyone and is too aware of the divisions in the social class system to be liked by both the audience and members of her own family.

Sherlock Holmes :: Essays Papers

Sherlock Holmes The Man with the Twisted Lip In this short story, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Mr. Neville St. Clair has been kidnapped. His wife is in town one day and she sees him hanging outside of a window. As she looks up at him, he lets out a scream and is yanked back into the room from where he stands. She is very concerned about seeing her husband in this situation and thinks that he is in trouble. She runs to the entrance of the building that she saw him standing in and she tries to get upstairs to where he is and help him. She is stopped by the doorman and not allowed access to the upstairs. Once the police get to the scene, they barge into the upstairs area and discover that Mr. Neville St. Clair is not in the room. The only person in the room is a beggar man named Hugh Boone. Everyone is familiar with Boone because he sits in the city and begs for a living. The police demand an explanation on where St. Clair is and there is not one given by Boone or the doorman. On the backside of the building there was a body of water that at high tide came up to the bottom of the lone window in the room. Traces of blood were found on the window seal of this window and drops of blood on the floor. The clothing of St. Clair was found in the corner of the room and his coat was found in the water at the bottom of the window. The assumption was made that Boone killed St. Clair and the body was disposed of in the water. The police detained Boone but the body was not found. Sherlock Holmes was interested in finding the body. Holmes, along with Watson, went to the St. Clair home and interviewed Mrs. St. Clair. Holmes admitted to Mrs. St. Clair that the he thought her husband might still be living. She agreed with great anticipation and told her that the most startling thing had happened to her that day. It was three days since the disappearance of her husband and she had received a letter dated AFTER her husband’s disappearance. Holmes asked to see the letter so he could examine it.

History of Volleyball Essay

The sport of volleyball was created by a man named William G. Morgan of Holyoke, Massachusetts in 1895. Morgan was a physical education teacher at the YMCA and called it â€Å"Mintonette†. It was an indoor or outdoor pastime that had characteristics of both handball and tennis. The first rules were written down by Morgan himself. He wrote that the game called for a 6 foot 6 inch net and a court of 25Ãâ€"50 feet. A match composed of 9 innings and 3 serves for each team in each inning. In case of a serving error they got a second chance just like in tennis. If the ball it the net on a serve it was considered a foul and it caused a side out or a point was taken away. In 1896 after a demonstration at the YMCA in Springfield and the name â€Å"Mintonette† was replaced with the name â€Å"Volleyball†. In 1900 the rules were modified and the height of the net went up to 7 feet 6 inches. A match length was set at 21 points. In 1900 Canada was the first foreign country to adopt the game of Volleyball. Cuba discovers â€Å"6 Volleyball† in 1906, thanks to a North American army officer, Agusto York, who takes part in the second military intervention on the Caribbean island. In 1908 Volleyball reaches Japan. It is Hyozo Omori, a Springfield College graduate in the United States, who first demonstrates the rules of the new game on the YMCA courts in Tokyo. In 1910Volleyball officially lands in China, thanks to Max Exner and Howard Crokner. Up until 1917, play is between 16-man teams and goes to 21 points. The Philippines also got to know the new game. It is imported by Manila YMCA director Elwood Brown. In a very short space of time, there are 5,000 public and private courts. In the USA, decisive impetus is given to the game by Prevost Idell, YMCA director in Germantown. In 1912the court size is changed, becoming 35Ãâ€"60 feet. A uniform size and weight of the ball is established, calling for a circumference of 26 inches and a weight of between 7 and 9 ounces. Two other important innovations: the number of players on each team is set at six and it is decided to rotate players before service. In 1913 Volleyball is put on the programme for the first Far Eastern Games held in Manila. Teams are made up of 16 players. In 1914 George Fisher, secretary of the YMCA War Office, includes Volleyball in the recreation and education programme for the American armed forces. In 1915 The number of players on court again becomes variable, anything from 2 to 6 for each team. Official game time is introduced and it is decided that the team losing a game has the right to begin serving in the next game. And In Europe, Volleyball arrives on the French beaches of Normandy and Brittany with American soldiers fighting in the First World War. Its popularity grows rapidly, but the game takes root especially in Eastern countries, where the cold climate makes gym sports particularly attractive. In 1916 Many new rules are established. The score for a â€Å"game† drops from 21 to 15, and it is determined that to win a match a team has to win two out of three â€Å"games. † The ball can now be hit with a player’s feet. Net height rises to 8 feet, while ball weight climbs from 8 to 10 ounces. It is decided that holding on to the ball is a foul and that a player cannot have contact with the ball a second time until after it has been played by another athlete. Volleyball becomes a part of the programe of the NCAA, the body that oversees college and university sports in the USA. In 1917 at the Allied Forces air base in Porto Corsini, where Ravenna’s sports palace is now located, American airmen introduce the virus of Volleyball into Italy. In 1918 The number of players per team is set at six. In Japan, the first High School Championship is played. In 1919 During the First World War, Dr. George J. Fisher, as Secretary of the YMCA War Work Office, makes Volleyball a part of the programe in military training camps, both in the USA and abroad, in the athletic handbooks written for those responsible for sport and recreation in the Army and Marines. Thousands of balls and nets are sent overseas to the U. S. troops and also presented to the Allied Army’s sports directors. More than 16,000 volleyballs are distributed in 1919 to the American Expeditionary Corps Forces only. The Inter-Allied Games are organized in Paris (but Volleyball is not included since the game is not yet known sufficiently well known in the 18 participating Allied countries to allow for a balanced competition). Moving through history volleyball has changed. In 2001 Beach Volleyball is confirmed as a full Olympic program sport. And in 2002 the FIVB World Congress in Buenos Aires adopts a Code of Conduct and rules against conflicts of interest and introduces height limit competitions (185 cm for men, 175 cm for women). In 2009Brazil won their eighth World League as they defeat Serbia in Belgrade in a pulsating match watched by a crowd of 22,000 spectators whilst Brazil also pick up the World Grand Prix, finishing above Russia and Germany. Italy’s women follow up their 2007 World Cup win with claim their first FIVB World Grand Champions Cup in Japan as Brazil won the men’s competition.

How to Get Top Ranking for Website

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Inferno: The Cantica of Artful Horror

Dante Alighieri’s â€Å"Inferno†, only one part of the Divine Comedy though hailed by many as the most compelling of the three canticas, deserves to be called a literary classic because it is not only an exceptional example of classical literary horror, but it is also a representation of how medieval people envision hell.   It is a blend of grotesque monsters and historical figures whose binding tie is sin in its many forms. Alighieri invites the reader to enter the nine circles of hell; the deeper the circle, the more serious the sin.   Unlike most contemporary horror that showcase graphic violence wrought by horrifying monsters or a more intellectual and atmospheric environment, Alighieri attempts to create horror that is both gruesome and intelligently peopled by real historical people and real sins.   Moreover, the reader can almost believe his version of what hell’s landscape is like. The Inferno explores the edge of limbo to the innermost circle of the Malebolge.   In each step of the journey, depictions of suffering bring the reader to an awareness of base human desires making him or her face the reality that people help create the nine circles of hell by living sinfully.   A piece of literature that is still remembered after more than 700 years must be considered a literary classic representing a genre that may not receive as many praises as others.   Though a classic piece that touches on views of the Christian afterlife, true to its horror genre â€Å"Inferno† still shocks and frightens.

Golkonda Fort Essay

The 13th century Golconda Fort was built by the Kakatiya kings. In the 16th century, Golkonda was the capital and fortress city of the Qutb Shahi kingdom, near Hyderabad. The city was home to one of the most powerful Muslim sultanates in the region and was the center of a flourishing diamond trade. Golkonda was located 11 km west of the city of Hyderabad. According to a legend, the fort derives its name from Golla Konda, which is a Telugu word for Shepherd’s Hill. It is believed that a shepherdboy came across an idol on the hill. This led to the construction of a mud fort by the then Kakatiya dynasty ruler of the kingdom around the site. The city and fortress are built on a granite hill that is 120 meters (400 ft) high and is surrounded by massive crenelated ramparts. The beginnings of the fort date to 1143, when the Hindu Kakatiya dynasty ruled the area. The Kakatiya dynasty were followed by the state ofWarangal, which was later conquered by the Islamic Bahmani Sultanat. The fort became the capital of a major province in the Sultanate and after its collapse the capital of the Qutb Shahi kings. The fort finally fell into ruins after a siege and its fall to Mughal emperor Aurangazeb. After the collapse of the Bahmani Sultanat, Golkonda rose to prominence as the seat of the Qutb Shahi dynasty around 1507. Over a period of 62 years the mud fort was expanded by the first three Qutb Shahi kings into a massive fort of granite, extending around 5 km incircumference. It remained the capital of the Qutb Shahi dynasty until 1590 when the capital was shifted to Hyderabad. The Qutb Shahis expanded the fort, whose 7 km outer wall enclosed the city. The state became a focal point for Shia Islam in India, for instance in the 17th century Bahraini clerics, Sheikh Ja`far bin Kamal al-Din and Sheikh Salih Al-Karzakani both emigrated to Golkonda.[4] The Qutb Shahi sultanate lasted until its conquest by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in 1687. The fortress held out against Aurangzeb for nine months, falling to the Mughals through treachery. Kancharla Gopanna, popularly known as Bhaktha Ramadaasu, a devout Hindu who constructed Bhadrachalm temple without informing the sultan at that time Tana Shah, was kept in a jail located inside the fort. Golkonda consists of four distinct forts with a 10 km long outer wall with 87 semicircular bastions (some still mounted with cannons), eight gateways, and four drawbridges, with a number of royal apartments & halls, temples, mosques, magazines, stables, etc. inside. The lowest of these is the outermost enclosure into which we enter by the â€Å"Fateh Darwaza† studded with giant iron spikes near the south-eastern corner. At Fateh Darwaza can be experienced a fantastic acoustic effect, characteristic of he engineering marvels at Golkonda. A hand clap at a certain point below the dome at the entrance reverberates and can be heard clearly at the ‘Bala Hisar’ pavilion, the highest point almost a kilometre away. This worked as a warning note to the royals in case of an attack. The whole of the Golconda Fort complex and its surrounding spreads across 11 km of total area, and discovering its every nook is an arduous task. A visit to the fort reveals the architectural beauty in many of the pavilions, gates, entrances and domes. Divided into four district forts, the architectural valour still gleams in each of the apartments, halls, temples, mosques, and even stables. The graceful gardens of the fort may have lost their fragrance, for which they were known 400 years ago Bala Hissar Gate is the main entrance to the fort located on the eastern side. It has a pointed arch bordered by rows of scroll work. The spandrels have yalis and decorated roundels. The area above the door has peacocks with ornate tails flanking an ornamental arched niche. The granite block lintel below has sculpted yalis flanking a disc. The design of peacocks and lions is a blend of Hindu – Muslim architecture. Toli Masjid, situated at Karwan, about 2 km from the Golkonda fort, was built in 1671 by Mir Musa Khan Mahaldar, royal architect of Abdullah Qutb Shah. The facade consists of five arches, each with lotus medallions in the spandrels. The central arch is slightly wider and more ornate. The mosque inside is divided into two halls, a transverse outer hall and an inner hall entered through triple arches. Much thought went in to building this gate. A few feet in front of the gate is a large wall. This prevented elephants and soldiers (during enemy attacks) from having a proper ramp to run and break the gate. The fort of Golconda is known for its magical acoustic system. The highest point of the fort is the â€Å"Bala Hissar†, which is located a kilometer away. The palaces, factories, water supply system and the famous â€Å"Rahban† cannon, within the fort are some of the major attractions. It is believed that there is a secret underground tunnel that leads from the â€Å"Durbar Hall† and ends in one of the palaces at the foot of the hill. The fort also contains the tombs of the Qutub Shahi kings. These tombs have Islamic architecture and are located about 1 km north of the outer wall of Golconda. They are encircled by beautiful gardens and numerous exquisitely carved stones. It is also believed that there was a secret tunnel to Charminar. The two individual pavilions on the outer side of Golconda are also major attractions of the fort. It is built on a point which is quite rocky. The â€Å"Kala Mandir† is also located in the fort. It can be seen from the king’s durbar (king’s court) which was on top of the Golconda Fort. The wonderful acoustic system of Golconda fort speaks volumes about the architecture of the fort. This majestic structure has beautiful palaces and an ingenious water supply system. Sadly, the unique architecture of the fort is now losing its charm. The ventilation of the fort is absolutely fabulous having exotic designs. They were so intricately designed that cool breeze could reach the interiors of the fort, providing a respite from the heat of summer.

Marketing Communications Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Marketing Communications Plan - Essay Example The mission is accomplished and is reflected in the documentation of the report. The rapid growth and consumer acceptance of digital music had led to an tremendous increase in the production of hi-fi audio products. There has been a constant increase in the demand of audio products likes MP3’s, DVDs, CDs and so on and a large number of manufacturers and retailers are enjoying the boom in this market. There are a large number of factors which have resulted in such a success. In stereo systems and other audio products, US and European companies have survived by focusing on skill-intensive and design-intensive products. Environment: Launching the audio products in a market area where consumer awareness exists would prove to be more beneficial as no efforts would be required in monetary and non-monetary terms to make the consumer aware of the products. An internal and external analysis of the environment would prove to be very beneficial in smoothening the process of the launch of new products in a new market.

My own religious Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My own religious Autobiography - Essay Example No one knows with certainty that an all powerful, omnipotent and invisible entity exists. They may have faith and a belief that a God has been and always will be but because the concept of God is beyond anyone’s comprehension, how can anyone claim to have knowledge of such an abstract concept as this? Knowing means putting a theory, or belief if you will, to a series of tests designed to debunk that theory. Only after attempting to disprove a belief, can you say with any certainty that it is true. I can say that horses fly or that the sun revolves around the earth and many people might believe this until it is disproved. Many people did in fact believe both these stories until they were disproved. So what about God? Can anyone really say for certain that God indeed exists? Yes. I can because I have proof. During the summer between my Kindergarten and First Grade year, I spent many hours at my uncle’s house. It’s not that he was necessarily my favorite relative. He had no kids of his own nor did he particularly like kids and he was a boring person for a young child to be around, but he had a pool. I suppose for that reason, he was my favorite during the summer but grandma took this title back during the winter, for obvious reasons. My uncle let me swim all I wanted but seldom actually watched me like he should have, and like he told my parents he did. One very hot day, I was swimming laps to develop my skills. All I remember was that as I was doing this, I gulped some water by accident, the chlorine taste that followed, then gasping for air for just a few moments. My recollection of the events that took place after that are somewhat foggy yet imprinted firmly in my mind, even today. My next conscious memory was waking up at the hospital and hearing the story of how I had drowned but had been brought back to life by emergency technicians who were called to the scene following what my uncle believed was my death. Had it not

Business Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 5

Business Information Systems - Essay Example Information system is the hardware and software programs that are developed and are used to assist and help in the management of different functions and operations. They can therefore be used in offices, manufacturing, producing companies and even services delivering companies in ensuring their clients and operation databases are in order. Depending on the scenario in which the information system is supposed to be used, there are different types. These are classified in order to ensure that there is not confusion or mix up when using an information system. After all they are meant and developed to ease and make work less complicated. Information systems and technological advancements are therefore inventions that greatly improve a company’s efficiency especially if there is a plan to expand and grow the company or organization. Advantages are there to encourage the use of information systems and they include, among others; they allow the central storage and access of information, hence confusion is reduced in a company (Rainer & Cegielski 2010). All information can be acquired about who has done what, what has been or has not been done and even purchases and sales; literally everything can be accessed as long as it was conducted within the system. This also ensures that there is backup in case something goes amiss. Human beings are prone to make mistakes and forget and as long as there is reference efficiency can still be achieved.

Identify and outline the benefits and problems of using psychological Essay

Identify and outline the benefits and problems of using psychological tests as part of the selection process within an organisation - Essay Example At the same time a person performs many roles at the same time the happenings in one role are bound to affect the behaviour in others' roles of the person. At this point of time, it may be noted that inspite of all human beings being similar in the outer case, each one is different from the other taking into consideration each one's mind. Every individual is to be treated differently although two persons may have the same behavioural problems. Everyone has a different quality of nature, different quality of intelligence, different perception and even different ways of behaviour. This is the most important reason that the organisations need to study the individual's psychology, so that they come to know about the nature of the individual as the psychological tests are the best possible means to know about the mind of the person who will be joining the industry. This has become even more essential with the huge competition in the market where the organisations are always in the fight to have the most competent professionals in their company who would take the company to new altitudes. The psychometric tests (1) are the tests which are specifically designed to gauge the ability, personality and the aptitude of the persons. The objective of the psychometric tests is to have the complete knowledge and information about the style of behaviour that one has. These tests are the guide to the employers to know about the person as to how he relates himself to his work and even the other employees. This apart the employer also comes to know of the style of work that the person can do and as to what kind of motivation does he have. The questionnaires that are prepared for such tests are basically untimed and there are no right or wrong answers in it. The employers in this way will can choose their right candidate as they have the most appropriate profile of the person that they want to get involved in the company and the results of such psychometric tests along with the others selection tools, enable the employers to make the right decision as to how does one fit to the requirements of the role. The process of the psychological testing or the psychometric tests are made a part of the selection process by the employers in order to test the ability, motivation, potential and the style of their behaviour of the candidates. These tests may be used in the first step in the recruitment process along with the first and/or the second interview. The psychometric tests provide the employer with evidence that are normally missing in the application forms and which also can not be judged by an interview. These evidences give the correct opinion ass to which person is the most capable for the organisation and who can take the organisation through all the roughs and toughs that it may face. Because of the psychometric tests that are conducted, the employers have the opportunity to get the best for their organisation as they can study about the personal qualities, abilities, potential and the motivation to effectively carry out the job given to him. The selection process will consist of various kinds of tests and interviews etc, along with the psychometric tests and there needs to be a comparative grade taken or one has to perform well in

Contribution toward ENG 105 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contribution toward ENG 105 - Essay Example Like for many students, expressing ideas through writing seems enjoyable to me and it is therefore important to establish the different writing accomplishments throughout the semester. Beginning my college experience this semester, I felt that I had performed at a slightly lower level pertaining the reading and writing proficiency. The justification for this rating can be based upon my first assignment on the response to the â€Å"front and back matter† of RGRW and Real Boys which required students to have a definite introduction, conclusion, thesis, and of course, transitions, quotations and organization. My references were incomplete, they did not follow an alphabetical order and the paper did not only lack in text citations, but also the works cited page in the reference section. I used a rather simple business writing style in writing up the assignment, a style that I had been using to write for the past couple of years. In addition, the paragraph transitions were to a large extent non-existent and prolixity was such a big problem. All through the college experience, taking the Basic English and literature classes have enabled me to address the issue of competency. For instance, the English 105 class has enabled me to learn on the various essentialities of both the spoken and written language. From the class, I have been able to gain knowledge on how to cite references and use proper works cited pages. Besides, I have also learnt the different writing formats such as the MLA, Harvard and APA for typing papers. The argument-based English class that I took equally enabled me to realize that every paper needs to have a flow and transition with specific points to highlight and echo on. In my second assignment, the instructor gave us a paper that was based on the observations made on the different aspects in the campus. This assignment enabled me to gain the ability to make a

Women's and global leadership at bestfoods Case Study

Women's and global leadership at bestfoods - Case Study Example Ensuring that for each leadership position, a woman candidate must be present (Osland & Adler, 2007). Another method for promoting diversity include sending more women both of America and of non-American decent to senior management and development programs to shed a light on them on the possible leadership training offered to individuals. Understanding women and the barriers they face while at formal employment and support them. This is to be done by appreciating the effort that women contribute at work as well as the household needs they reach up to. At the same time, it is the look at work output in terms of delivery rather than time spent at work. Adding to that, many women at high levels to be selected for senior managerial positions at the company.Senior level management training offered to senior position holders promoted by companies could be beneficial to women if they had such positions(Osland & Adler, 2007). Brody is justified to hold the forum. This is because forums are an audience for all to be heard and the forum was to encompass women who are the sole victims in diversity at Bestfoods. The forum was to have 50% of women from outside the US, an enough indication of diversity. Possible alternatives that would generate the same agenda include holding seminars on gender diversity at work, pushing for bills that involve a certain limit in employment of women in each sector as well including women in the human resource departments of many companies (Osland & Adler, 2007). While pushing for the forum organization, Brody and Shoemate faced several challenges and programs. Brody and Shoemate’s ideas were not all met with a warm reception. Skeptical comments arose from some men and women who believed that the forum was not going to bear any results whatsoever. There was also the feeling of inferiority complex among some of the women selected to attend the forum. They felt that if in any case

Petition to waive the university mathematics requirement Essay

Petition to waive the university mathematics requirement - Essay Example he intends and to finish taking up law in the soonest possible time to help his community without having lost anything on his part and on the part of the institution. The basic questions that he proposed to answer in the article are, â€Å"Why do I need college algebra (MAT-117)? Is college algebra necessary for studying American Indian law? Will I use college algebra in my chosen field? What will the University gain or lose, from my taking college algebra or not?† (Adams par.6). The answer in all these questions is no. College Algebra is not necessary in American Indian law and in the practice of law in general. This was affirmed by a practicing lawyer. â€Å"In this netherworld, algebra and justice exist independently of one another† (par. 13). He further affirms that â€Å"I assure this committee that despite not having a formal accreditation in algebra, I will prove to be nothing less than an asset to this University and its Indian community† (par.15). If he be allowed to graduate, he will be able to help out his own community and other Native Americans as he intends and his practical experiences in life has proven that he is competent in his chosen path with or without the required Algebra subjects. On the other hand, permitting him not to finish the math courses will prevent him from having a well-rounded college experience and will not place him in equal footing with all of the other students of the University. The ASU catalog contains that the basic math requirements are necessary â€Å"(1) for a minimum level of math competency in my chosen field, and (2) to satisfy the university math requirement in order to graduate† (par. 7). All other students are required to take the subjects and Adams is not the only one who is in his advanced age enrolled in the... There is a main action expected in the end of the essay. This would be alllowing Gordon Adams to forego taking the Algebra subjects, which would enable him to graduate as he intends and to finish taking up law in the soonest possible time to help his community without having lost anything on his part and on the part of the institution. Another available option arises in the essay. On the other hand, permitting him not to finish the math courses will prevent him from having a well-rounded college experience and will not place him in equal footing with all of the other students of the University. Another point that an essay focuses on is equality. All other students are required to take the subjects and Adams is not the only one who is in his advanced age enrolled in the university. Everyone must be in equal footing since they are all within the same institution. Letting him bypass university rules will give an unwarranted precedence wherein other students may think they could apply fo r the same privilege on lesser grounds. The goals of the university are enshrined in the courses that they have set for every student and in this case it includes completing basic math requirements. In the conclusion of the essay, we see that despite these arguments, Gordon Adams must be allowed to waive the two math subjects required by the university only because he has showed evidence that he is a competent student and that the skills that the subjects aim to hone are those which he already possesses.

Dunkirk Was a Miracle of Deliverance Essay Example for Free

Dunkirk Was a Miracle of Deliverance Essay From the 27th of May to the 4th of June, there were the nine days of evacuation of British, French, Belgian and Dutch soldiers alike. They were trapped in the small town of Dunkirk due to the port that was there. After waiting for days, the majority were eventually rescued by a combination of naval vessels and civilian boats as well as fishing boats and ferries. It is regarded as a great victory for the British as it saved many lives although a military victory for the Germans. I agree with the quotation above that â€Å"Dunkirk was a miracle of deliverance† because of the overwhelming evidence of the pros of the operation (codenamed Operation Dynamo). The first pro of the evacuation was that 338,226 soldiers were rescued in the operation itself. Much of the British expeditionary force (BEF) was also rescued as well as 139,997 French soldiers. The German causalities were also very high with 27,074 killed and 111,034 wounded soldiers. Although there were many material losses, the morale of the British was raised after the evacuation of Dunkirk, as they felt that they were helping in the war effort and that even though many had died, many lived to â€Å"fight another day†. Another pro is that after Dunkirk the Americans were more motivated to enter the war and help the allies. On the other hand I disagree with this quotation because even with the rescuing of 338,226 men, another 68,000 British soldiers were killed and 290,000 French soldiers. Nearly all of Britain’s tanks, planes, naval vessels, small arms and motor vehicles were either damaged or left behind on the beaches of France. Another point for the cons is that many civilians were injured and killed whilst trying to rescue the soldiers stranded on the beaches. All in all Dunkirk was one of the greatest military victories for the Germans due to the massive loss of British soldiers and military resources. To conclude, although this was a great military victory for the Germans, it was also a great help in raising the hope of the British population. In short I agree with the quotation above because of the points stated above as well as the fact that if Dunkirk had failed in the slightest for the British then Churchill would have probably signed a peace treaty with Hitler, allowing the Germans to win the war. In the long-term, Dunkirk was a great victory for the British although it was a very big defeat in the short-term as much military strength was lost.

Cambridge Engineering Selector Essay Example for Free

Cambridge Engineering Selector Essay Apparatus Computer Cambridge Engineering Selector database program Theory The Problem Below is a brief description of the theory regarding this lab: Oars are light, stiff beams. They must also have reasonable fracture toughness (KIC) and acceptable price per unit mass (Cm). The performance index for a light, stiff beam is: M1 = E1/2/? Where E is the Youngs modulus and ? is the density. To select the best materials, perform two selection stages: (i) In stage 1, select materials with M1 7 (GPa) /(Mg/m) (ii) In stage 2, select materials with KIC 1 MPa. m and Cm 100 GBP/kg. CES Selector Materials for Oars: The solution The performance index for a light, stiff beam (M1) is plotted in stage 1. Density is plotted on the x-axis and Youngs Modulus on the y-axis. A selection line of gradient 2, through the point (1.0, 49) is plotted. The constraints on adequate fracture toughness and price are plotted in stage 2. Fracture Toughness is plotted on the x axis and Density on the y axis. A selection box whose upper left corner is at (1.0, 100) is defined. In stage 1, the line representing the performance index is moved up until only a small subset of records remains in the selection. Magnified views of the two selection charts are shown in figures M5.3.1 and M5.3.2 (results intersection and hide failed records on), and the materials passing both stages are shown in figure M5.3.3. Oars for competitive rowing are made from Spruce, or (better) Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP). Low Tech oars have been made for centuries out of bamboo. Boron Carbide might be acceptable, but it would be too brittle, despite its moderate fracture toughness. Selection Stages The selection methodology behind CES Selector is described in section 1 of the online book CES In Depth Background on Selection Systems. The application of this selection methodology to a specific area (e.g. the selection of the optimum material for an engineering component) is dealt with in the section of CES In Depth for the relevant data module. Before any selection can be performed, the user must specify which of the data tables will be the Selection Table (e.g. Materials, Process etc). This is done in the Project Settings dialog box (or on the Welcome screen when CES is first opened). Only one table can be used for selection in a given project. The filter and form for each data table must also be specified. The recommended filter and form combination for each type of selection is listed below. Selecting records with Selector involves performing a series of independent selection stages. On each stage, the user selects a subset of records. Every record in the current filter for the Selection Table is considered during each stage, and the program automatically keeps track of all the results. One way to perform a selection is to use a Selection Chart. The two axes of a selection chart specify record attributes. The user selects the area of the chart that fulfils the selection criteria. One selection chart is used for each selection stage. A second way to perform a selection is to use a Limit stage, in which numerical limits for one or more attributes are entered in a table. Limit stages can be combined with graphical stages (using selection charts). A single functional requirement (e.g. the strength/density ratio of a material) can be represented by one stage in Selector. In many design situations it is necessary to identify records that satisfy several functional requirements simultaneously, for example high strength/density, high stiffness and low cost/kg for a material. In these cases Selector can perform several selection stages and the program will store the results of each stage automatically. The selection stages can be modified at any time if necessary. At the end of the selection (or at any other time), the user can find out which records passed all, or some of the selection stages. It is important to realise that in this strategy, all records contained in the selection table with applicable data entries are considered in every selection stage (and are plotted on the charts). Therefore each stage is independent of the others. This means that records are never discarded from the selection process, even though they may fail a particular selection stage. So it is possible to find out how every entity performed on each of the stages. The ones that pass all stages will probably be the best choices. Selector can also generate plots of user-defined attributes, which are mathematical combinations of the attributes in the database. Examples are the specific strength el / (el is the elastic limit and is the density), and the performance index for a light stiff beam E / (E is the Youngs Modulus). This facility greatly expands the versatility of the selection process and enables two complex performance requirements to be compared on one selection chart. CALCULATION OF THE GRADIENT FOR BOTH GRAPHS The gradient of the lines in both graphs were calculated using the performance index for the bending of rods, the formula used was: E/P = Youngs Modulus / Density In order to get the above equation into the correct term for a gradient or a curve (y=m x + c) both sides of the equation had to be logged: LOG E LOG ? = LOG C Transpose for LOG E LOG E = LOG ? + LOG C The equation for a straight line is y = mx + c From the above it is fair to mention that: Y = LOG E X = LOG ? M = 1 The performance used in this lab was E 1/2 / P = C If you take log on both sides of the equation above: 1/2 LOG E LOG ? = LOG C Transpose for 1/2 LOG E: LOG C + LOG ? = 1/2 LOG E Multiply both sides by 2 to get LOG E LOG E = 2 LOG ? + 2 LOG C From the above it can be assumed that: Y = LOG E M = 2 X = LOG ? C = 2 LOG C M (The gradient) = 2 The gradient in the first graph of Density Vs. Youngs Modulus is 2. If another performance index is used: K IC / p = c The log of both sides of the equation gives: 2/3 LOG K ic = LOG ? + LOG C Multiply both sides 3/2 gives: LOG K ic = 3/2 log ? + 3/2 log c Y = LOG K ic M = 3/2 X = LOG ? C = 3/2 LOG C M = 3/2 = 1.5 The gradient of the line in the second graph of Fracture Toughness Vs. Density is 1.5 Method The Cambridge engineering selector was the program that was used in order to get the desired materials. The main two properties that the chosen material requires are strength and toughness. In order to get the right material two graphs had to be plotted. The first graph was Youngs Modulus vs. Density and the second graph was Fracture toughness vs. Density. The first thing that had to be done was to select the right units, which are SI units. This was done by going onto Tools, selecting options and then the correct units and currency which was GB Pounds. Select New Project from the File menu Choose the New Graphical Stage command from the Project menu. The Graph Stage Wizard will appear, ready to define the x and y axis of your chart. The procedure for selecting attributes for plotting on the selection chart axes is the same for both axes (and whichever selection table). The steps are as follows: The X-Axis page is presented first. To specify a single attribute, click once on the down arrow to display the drop down list box. Select one attribute, Density. (The Advanced function could be used to create a combination of attributes for one axis.) The title can be changed by the user by typing in the Title field if desired. Let the settings for the axis Scale remain as the default, Logarithmic and Autoscale. You can change the scales to linear and back again, by clicking one of the radio buttons marked Logarithmic and Linear. To switch to the Y-Axis page click once on the other tab. Select the attribute Youngs Modulus from the drop down list box and let the scale be Logarithmic and Autoscale. Click once on OK to exit the dialog. The graph will then be created. Follow the same steps to create the other graph except this time, the y-axis is going to be Fracture toughness. Once both graphs are created, the gradient, which was worked out earlier, has to be put in. In the graph showing Youngs Modulus vs. Density the gradient is 2 and for the graph showing Fracture toughness vs. Density it is 1.5. To put in a gradient line, simply click on the icon on the toolbar which has a picture of a gradient on it. Then a box will appear asking you to enter a value for the gradient. Once the value of the gradient is entered, the gradient will appear on the graph. The line can be moved up and down the graph depending on what kinds of materials are needed. In order to narrow down the number of materials to a few, the line has to be moved carefully upwards until only a few materials are shown in the box. This has to be done for both graphs until only 4 or 5 materials appear in the box showing both stages. Results Engineering Materials Lab All Stages Name Identity Epoxy/HS Carbon Fibre, UD Composite, 0à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Lamina MXP_CFTSEPHCUD001 Low Density Wood (Longitudinal) (0.22-0.45) MNW_L_LD Medium Density Wood (Longitudinal) (0.45-0.85) MNW_L_MD PEEK/IM Carbon Fibre, UD Composite, 0à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Lamina MXP_CFTPPEICUD001 Conclusion After looking and analysing the results taken from the two graphs, the materials chosen were Epoxy SMC (carbon fibre), low density wood, and medium density wood. ). But in the economical end of manufacturing rowing boat oars, both the wood materials would be selected, as they are reasonably cheap to buy, whereas carbon fibre is more expensive. Costs of materials are not the only concern, as the usage of each material is just as important. Questions could be asked; such as, how often is the boat going to be used? Is it going to be used on a regular basis? All of these questions should be taken into consideration before a decision is made. If an average person who is not a professional rower was going to consume a rowing boat ore, he/she would be better off opting for the one made from low density wood as the wooden ore is a great deal cheaper. On the other hand if the same question was asked to a professional rower, then the rower would pick the ore made of carbon fibre since the price does not come at the top of the list of concern and winning the race is the major objective. Basically, there is a good point and a bad point on each material. This largely depends on the object of buying the ore. If it is to win a race then money is not an option and the consumer would be better off buying the one made from carbon fibre but if the object is to just go rowing for a weekend then the best option would be to go for the oar made from wood simply because there is no likely consistent further use for the ore.