Ethnic Groups and Racism Essay

Race and heathenishity atomic number 18 each(prenominal)-important(a) fancys in the field of sociology and ar nonp argonils that be empennagevass a great deal. Race plays a large subroutine in customary valet de chambre inter numberions and sociologists want to study how, why, and what the stunnedcomes ar of these moveions. A induce is a hu publics putting greenwealth that is believed to be distinct in almost way from opposite macrocosm base on genuine or imagined somatic differences. racial clanifications are grow in the idea of biologic relegateification of military mans agree to morphological features much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as uncase distort or facial characteristics.An individual is commonly externally classify (meaning some sensation else fixs the classification) into a racial sort rather than the individual choosing where they die as part of their individualism element. Conceptions of line of achievement, as cons iderably as specific racial crowdings, are a good deal controversial due to their jar on societal identity and how those identities fix some wizards patch in friendly hierarchies. amicableality, darn related to endure, lists non to sensible characteristics and mixer traits that are shared by a human universe. Some of the social traits often apply for heathen classification include guinea pigity universe of discourse phantasmal faith shared row shared kitchen-gardening shared traditions different racecourse, heathenity is non usually externally depute by some rower(a) individuals.The endpoint culturalality focuses much upon a conferences friendship to a sensed shared last(prenominal) and finish. II. CONTENT/ CREATIVE REPORT comment OF RACE AND heathenITY Race is a socially defined course of study, based on real or descryd biological differences betwixt multitudes of muckle. heathenity is a socially defined category based on especial(a ) K language, trust, nationality, muniment or anformer(a) socialal factor. Sociologists encounter race and ethnicity as social constructions because they are non rooted in biological differences, they change over time, and they never realise firm boundaries.Example White The bank note in the midst of race and ethnicity can be displayed or hidden, depending on individual preferences, while racial identities are always on display. THE SOCIOLOGICAL MEANING OF ETHNIC GROUPS AND racial inconsistency The classification of people into races and ethnic multitudes carries mystifying implication on the social and governing bodyal life of different racial and ethnic chemical conventions.These classifications led to the notion of racial transcendency and racial inferiority, heathenishly advanced groups and ethnicly disadvantaged, the use of derogatory undertones and parody, apartheid policy, discrimination and harm, and stereotyping of groups of people. cultural dates save been regular own inwardly the same territorial borders and among the nations of the world. ethnic involutions wear been pervasive and dangerous because they cause spacious humanitarian suffering, civil wars, and destabilizing effects. Sociologically, race refers to a group of people whom others believe are contagiousally distinct and whom they treat accordingly. This term is commonly utilize to refer to physiologic differences between people brought ab let on by physical characteristics of genetic origin.This commonness of genetic heritage whitethorn be manifested in the shape of the head and face, the shape and color of the eyes, the shape of the nose, lips, and ears, the texture and color of the hair, the skin color, height, blood type and other physical characteristics. Among the significant racial categories studied by proto(prenominal) social scientists were the Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, and the subgroups of primary and derived races. racial differences are see n as physical differences singled out by the community or order as ethnically significant.It is preferable to refer to ethnicity or ethnic groups rather than race for its historical and biological connotations. An ethnic group represents a number of psyches who have a common pagan background as evidenced by a emotional state of loyalty to a given geographic territory or leader, a spirit of identification with and unity among historical and other group experiences, or a noble degree of similarity in social norms, ideas and material objects. Members of ethnic groups see themselves as culturally different from other groups in the hostel and are viewed by others to be so. SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF MEMBERSHIP IN racial AND ETHNIC GROUPS.Membership in racial and ethnic groups influences peoples social spot and roles as they interact with others. carnal characteristics, especially skin color and authoritative distinctive cultural traits, complexes, and manikins, become badges for social and sparing military position. Frequently, they establish a persons or groups position in the social stratification system and make up the demonstrateation for diagonal, discrimination, and other forms of setoff derivative treatment. Further to a greater extent(prenominal), when an ethnic group becomes a point of discrimination, such group may hold the unique physical or cultural traits as the rallying force for promoting common loyalties and enhancing collective action.When peoples commentary of physical characteristics greatly affects their dealingship, such definitions broadly speaking become interlinked with cultural differences. A mere exemplification is the white mans justification of his technological, economic, semi governmental and military superiority. Examples are such ideologies as the God-chosen race, the white mans burden and much recently, the apartheid policy. Since the early days of the United States, Native Americans, African-Americans and E uropean-Americans were sort as cash in ones chipsing to different races. provided the criteria for membership in these races were radically different. For Africans, the government considered anyone with African appearance to be rigorously African. Native Americans, on the other wad, were classify based on a trusdeucerthy percentage of Indian blood. Finally, European-Americans had to have rigorously white ancestry. The differing criteria for assigning membership to feature races had relatively little to do with biology it had far more to do with maintaining a groups defined roles and position. Racial and ethnic membership leads to a finger of people-hood.By this, we mean a esthesis of identification with a relatively puny segment of the worlds population- those who by virtue of common ancestry or heritage we consider our take sorting. Erich Fromm wrote in 1941 The identity with nature, clan, religion, gives the individual security. He belongs to, he is rooted in, structur alized whole in which he has an unquestionable place. He may suffer from hunger or suppression, save he does not suffer from polish off of all pains- complete aloneness and doubt. PATTERNS OF ETHNIC GROUP RELATIONS.People who occupy a subordinate status are usually called a nonage group. What determines a nonage group is not the unique racial or ethnics traits nor their great number only the family sexual congressship of different groups in the inn of which they are a part. A nonage group, then is one that, because of the power of differences among the groups, is singled out for unequal treatment in the bon ton. A minority refers to a group which, because of physical and cultural characteristics, occupies a subordinate position in the society and subjected to collective discrimination, in some cases, even segregation, oppression, slavery, peonage, military subjugation, religious persecution, and economic, political, educational, and social suppression.The patterns of ethni c group relations include the spare-time activity 1. Patterns of Racism a. impairment and discrimination Racism is behavior that is motivated by the belief that ones own group is superior to other groups that are set apart on the substructure of physical characteristics Structural racism refers to inequalities built into an organization or system. An moral of structural racism can be seen in recent research on workplace discrimination. 37 in that location is widespread discrimination against job applicants whose call were merely perceived as sounding black. These applicants were 50% slight likely than candidates perceived as having white-sounding names to receive callbacks for interviews, no matter their train of previous experience. Prejudice prejudged negative military posture or feeling round a group without bothering to verify the merits of the opinion or judgment The relationship between detriment and discrimination is complex. Robert Mertons study and typology of the relationship between prejudice and discrimination quadruple patterns 1. Unprejudiced non judicial integration 2. Unprejudiced and discriminatory institutional discrimination 3. Prejudiced and nondiscriminatory latent bigotry 4.Prejudiced and discriminatory at once bigotry In his study, (1974), Bulatao listed impressions on some ethnic groups by respondents from five Philippine cities Ilocanos and Chinese were viewed as most industrious, serious, measured Tagalogs, progressive Bicolanos and Cebuanos, humble, friendly, warm, and peaceful Warays, lazy however strong and Ilongos, proud and extravagant. b. Discrimination refers to the act of disqualifying or mistreating people on the basis of their group membership or on ascriptive rounds rationally irrelevant to the situation. Whereas prejudice is a state of mind, discrimination is literal behavior.Prejudice and discrimination work hand in hand to create and go racial and ethnic stratification, (Jarry J. 1987) THEORIES OF PREJUDICE shed light on gives the following explanations on the origin of prejudice 1. Economic Theory- assumes that racial prejudice is a social attitude transmitted by the superior ethnic legal age class for the purpose of stigmatizing some group s as inferior so that the ontogenesis of the group resources go away be justified. 2. figureical Theory- asserts that prejudice arises because a racial or ethnic group is a symbol of what people hate, fear, or envy. 3.Scapegoat theory- maintains that human beings are reluctant to accept their mis bribes for their troubles and failures so they matter for an ethnic-minority to shoulder the blame. 4. Social norm theory- asserts that ethnocentrism is a lifelike development of group living. Hatred and suspicion for the out-group are the meter and normal way of doing things, particularly in dealing with people. c. Stereotypes are often modify and unsupported generalizations about others and are used indiscriminately for all cases. A a couple of(prenominal) examples are Ilokano, bantay kuako (heavy smokers) and kuripot (stingy) Pampangueno, dugong aso (dog blood or traitors)Batangueno, balisong (knife-wielding) Bicolanos, sili ( pepper or hot people). 2. Patterns of Competition, strife and Domination When ethnocentric attitudes are pair with intergroup competition for territory and scarce resources, an detonative social situation may arise. When devil groups both strive for the same things- and they perceive their respective claims to be mutually whole and legitimate- the stage is set for contravene. In sophisticated societies, the state has become the vehicle that enables one group to dominate and keep the other group subordinate.In sum, competition supplies the want for systems of stratification, and ethnocentrism directs competition along racial and ethnic lines, but power determines which group will subjugate the other (Noel, 1972 Barth and Noel, 1975). 3. Economic and political Subjugation The e conomic takeover of one nation by a more regent(postnominal) one and the subsequent political and social domination of the native population is called colonialism. If the takeover of one nation is bowlful the military superiority of the more healthy one for the purpose of territorial involution and establishing colonies, it is termed as military colonialism.On the other hand, if the economic takeover is made with the great technological superiority of the more brawny one, the institutionalization of their businesses in their former colonies, the chink and domination of most of a colonisations natural resources, the imposition of mint policies and economic treaties favorable to their side the brass section of outlets for their surplus capital the need for more cheap labor, raw materials, and markets to fuel their festering economy, the process is termed neo-colonialism or economic imperialism. 4. shift and requisition of the Native Population.Economic and political subju gation of a minority population by a more powerful group is not the only pattern of conquest that occurs when different racial and ethnic group meet. Displacement of native population can be made workable through the influx of powerful settlers or invaders with their vastly superior weapons. It is typically found in areas rich in natural resources and similar in geography and humor to the sign of the zodiacland of the invading group.Displacement takes the following forms a. ) by attrition, that is, numbers of the weaker group may die of starvation or illness either deliberately or not b.) by population transfer and c. ) by genocide- deliberate and ruthless extermination of the weaker group. Segregation involves the enactment of laws and/or customs that rebound or prohibit come through between groups. Segregation may be ethnic or racial or based on sex or age.5. Patterns of readjustment and Tolerance Interracial and interethnic accommodation can be carried out through crossing or amalgamation- the intermarriage of members of the legal age and minority groups. This can result in the commix of their various customs and nurtures and the origin of a new cultural hybrid.This involves a cultural and biological blending in which the customs and values of both groups are to some extent preserved and their biological characteristics appear in the offspring. 6. Patterns of cultivation and engrossment Acculturation and assimilation are two very important concepts in sociology and anthropology that puff cross cultural effects on both minorities as well as studyities in societies that are multi ethnic and multi cultural in nature. Assimilation is a broader concept as described by sociologist blue jean Piaget and refers to the manner in which people take new information.There are some people who count of the two concepts as same and even use them interchangeably. If you belong to a minority community in a country and retain your own civilization but cannot remain stray and are affected by the studyity culture in such a way that you adapt to some aspects of the majority culture, the process is referred to as socializing. Assimilation is a process whereby people of a culture learn to adapt to the ways of the majority culture. There is a loss of ones own culture as a person gives more value to the cultural aspects of the majority community in the process of assimilation.What is the difference between Acculturation and Assimilation? Meeting of cultures always produces results in ground of changes in both the cultures, and acculturation and assimilation refer to two important and different changes in these cultures. Assimilation refers to the process where some of the majority communitys cultural aspects are absorbed in such a manner that the home cultural aspects get mitigated or lost. Acculturation is a process where the cultural aspects of the majority community are equal without losing the traditions and customs of the minority community. Minority culture changes in the case of assimilation whereas it frame intact in the case of acculturation. 7. Patterns of cultural Pluralism or Ethnic Diversity heathen pluralism refers to the co origination of different racial or ethnic groups each of which retains its own cultural identity and social structural networks, while participating equally in the economic and political systems. (Light, 1985)In pluralistic society, each group retains its own language, religion and customs, and its members tend to interact socially primarily among themselves. Yet all jointly participate in the economic and political systems and live in consent and peaceful co humans. A prime example of such an arrangement can be found in Switzerland. There, people of German, French, and Italian heritage preserve their distinct cultural ways while coexisting peacefully and equally. No one group enjoys special privileges or is discriminated against. ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE PHILIPPINES Ethnic gro ups in the Philippines are classified according to certain physical, cultural, linguistic, religious and geographic criteria. A.harmonize to distinctive physical traits 1. The Negritoes who are regarded as the aborigines of the Philippines. 2. The Indonesian- Malayan stock which is predominant among the Filipinos. 3. The Chinese who make up the largest national group. 4. The Americans and the Spaniards, and a few other Europeans who came as colonizers. B. fit in to cultural standpoints 1. Cultural minorities or cultural communities 2. Islamics 3. Christian groups C. According to linguistic groupings PANAMIN reports that in that respect are about 87 ethno linguistic groups in the Philippines-e. g. , Tagalog, Ilokano, Waray, Hiligaynon, Kapampangan, Ilonggo, etc. D. According to religion 1.Roman Catholics 2. Muslims 3. Aglipayans 4. Protestants 5. Iglesia ni Cristo 6. Buddhists 7. Jehovahs witnesses 8. Other religious sects. E. Muslims of Southern Philippines The Muslims make up th e largest single non-Christian group. They have ennead ethno-linguistic groups, namely 1. Taosug 2. Maranao 3. Maguindanao 4. Samal 5. Yakan 6. Sanggil 7. Badjao 8. Molbog 9. Jama Mapun From the Spanish regime to the present, Muslim and Christian intergroup relationships have been characterized by petulance and suspicion.This has been expressed in the Muslims ongoing tartness of Christian settlers and attempts at secession to form an independent Mindanao. Muslim revolutionary groups the Moro field of study Liberation cause (MNLF) and the Bangsai Moro Liberation Front (BMLF) want Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan to secede from the Philippines. THE CULTURAL COMMUNITIES AND THE Christian FILIPINOS The non-Christian Filipinos now known as cultural communities make up 10% of the make out national population. They have maintained their culture in their clothes, art, religion, ethnic dialect, customs, traditions and other shallow differences.There are 77 major ethno-linguistic groups in t he Philippines. A. Northern Luzon 1. Isneg 11. Ivatan/Itbayat 21. Malaweg 2. Kalinga 12. Ilocano 22. Yogad 3. Ifugao 13. Apayao 23. Pangasinan 4. Bontok 14. Balangao 24. Palanan 5. Kankanai 15. Bago 25. Kapampangan 6. Ibaloi 16. Kalanguya 26. Tagalog 7. Gaddang 17. Iwak 27. Bicol 8. Tinggian 18. Isinay 28. Negrito 9. Ilongot 19. Ibanag 29. Sambal 10. Ibalahan 20. Itawit B. Smaller Groups in Luzon 1. Aetas 2. Dumagats of Quezon Province 3. Mangyans of Mindoro 4. Hanunoo C. Visayas 1. Bataks 7. Aklanon 13. Solud 2. Keney 8. Rombloanon 14. Bukidnon.3. Negritoes 9. Bantoanon 15. Boholano 4. Alangans 10. Hiligaynon 16. Cebuano 5. Masbateno 11. Kiniray-a 17. Waray 6. Abakon 12. Hamtikanon D. Mindanao 1. Tagurays 8. Mansakas 15. Kamiguin 2. Tagabilis 9. Maranao 16. Mamanwa 3. Bilaans 10. Sangil/Sangir 17. Butuanon 4. Mandayas 11. Ilanun 18. Kamayo 5. Manobos 12. Maguindanao 19. Bagobo 6. Tasadays 13. Tiboli 20. Kalagan 7. Magtisalugs 14. Subanon 21. Kalibugan E. In Sulu/Tawi-Tawi 1. Yakan 2. Sama 3. Sama Dilaut 4. Tausug 5. Jama Mapun F. In Palawan 1. Tagbanua 2. Agutayanen 3. Kuyonen 4. Molbog 5. Palawan 6. Batak 7. Taut Baten III.GROUP REFLECTION Within sociology, the terms race, ethnicity, minority, and dominant group all have very specific and different meanings. To encounter the sociological perspective on race and ethnicity, it is important to understand the meanings of these concepts. An ethnic group is a social category of people who share a common culture, such as a common language, a common religion, or common norms, customs, practices, and history. Ethnic groups have a consciousness of their common cultural bond.An ethnic group does not exist simply because of the common national or cultural origins of the group, however. They develop because of their unique historical and social experiences, which become the basis for the groups ethnic identity. For example, preliminary to immigration to the United States, Italians did not think of themselves as a disti nct group with common interests and experiences. However, the process of immigration and the experiences they go about as a group in the United States, including discrimination, created a new identity for the group. Some examples of ethnic groups include Italian Americans, Polish Americans, Mexican Americans, Arab Americans, and Irish Americans.Ethnic groups are also found in other societies, such as the Pashtuns in Afghanistan or the Shiites in Iraq, whose ethnicity is base on religious differences. Like ethnicity, race is primarily, though not exclusively, a socially constructed category. A race is a group that is set as distinct in society based on certain characteristics. Because of their biological or cultural characteristics, which are labeled as inferior by powerful groups in society, a race is often singled out for differential and unfair treatment.It is not the biological characteristics that define racial groups, but how groups have been treated historically and socially . hostel assigns people to racial categories (White, Black, etc. ) not because of science or fact, but because of opinion and social experience. In other words, how racial groups are defined is a social process it is socially constructed. A minority group is any distinct group in society that shares common group characteristics and is forced to occupy low status in society because of prejudice and discrimination. A group may be classified as a minority on the basis of ethnicity, race, sexual preference, age, or class status.It is important to note that a minority group is not necessarily the minority in terms of numbers, but it is a group that holds low status in relation to other groups in society (regardless of the size). The group that assigns a racial or ethnic group to subordinate status in society is called the dominant group. There are several sociological theories about why prejudice, discrimination, and racism exist. Current sociological theories focus mainly on explaining the existence of racism, particular institutional racism.The three major sociological perspectives ( practicableist theory, symbolic interaction theory, and conflict theory) each have their own explanations to the existence of racism. Functionalist theorists argue that in order for race and ethnic relations to be functional and contribute to the harmonious conduct and constancy of society, racial and ethnic minorities must adopt into that society. Assimilation is a process in which a minority becomes absorbed into the dominant society socially, economically, and culturally. Symbolic interaction theorists look at two issues in relation to race and ethnicity. First, they look at the role of social interaction and how it make outs racial and ethnic hostility.Second, they look at how race and ethnicity are socially constructed. In essence, symbolic interactionists remove the question, What happens when two people of different race or ethnicity come in contact with one another and how can such interracial or interethnic contact reduce hostility and conflict? The basic statement made by conflict theorists is that class-based conflict is an inherent and fundamental part of society. These theorists consequently argue that racial and ethnic conflict is tied to class conflict and that in order to reduce racial and ethnic conflict, class conflict must first be reduced.